This arises from such details as holes, grooves, notchesand fillets. Introducing a circular hole in the plate disturbs the uniform stress distribution near the hole, resulting in a significantly higher than average stress. 1 to 2. 11) Wahl, A. (a) Two symmetrical cracks emanating from a circular hole and (b) the stress intensity factor. A thin rectangular plate under a uniaxial tension has a uniform stress distribution. The stress field near the rounded corners of rectangular hole for differ ent angular position of loading are determined. (2021) investigated the stress concentration factor of various hole shapes. A comparison between FE method . , Leissa, A. However, the effect of length was missing. The maximum torque being 20 greater than the mean. This shows the benefit of using FGM to reduce stress concentration in plates with opening holes. Dd ratios considered in this case are 1. Stress-concentration factors have been determined for oblique holes in flat plates by a method using frozen-stress photoelasticity. where (1 2 a b) is Theoretical stress concentration factor. Stress concentration factors for shafts and cylinders Stress concentration fundamentals Local Stress-Strain Fatigue Method (-N) Flat plate with semicircular fillets and grooves or with holes. Finite rectangular plate with a central elliptical hole under in-plane loading Full size image where the maximum principal stress is calculated using the following formula sigma. Step-by-Step Verified Solution d w dw 0. The stress concentration factor for an elliptical hole in a plate is given by the equation K maximum nominal (1 2 (a b)), where a and b are the major and minor axes, respectively. Figure 1. 18 mm. Introducing a circular hole in the plate disturbs the uniform stress distribution near the hole, resulting in a significantly higher than average stress. Numerical values for the stress-concentration factor k are given for ratios of hole diameter to width of. Calculate the stress concentration factor for a plate with an elliptical hole. Along with stress concentration factors, thi. Anish Augustine. The maximum stress for an infinite plate with a hole is Although there is no analytical solution for a finite plate with a hole, there is empirical data available to find a concentration factor. The notch radius is 0. In Space claim create RECTANGLE with the following dimensions Length 300mm Height 120mm Thickness 30mm. While most of the tests involved plates loaded through a single pin in a hole on the longitudinal center line of the plate, several tests were made on plates loaded through two pins symmetrically situated about the center line of the plate. 22 on page. The stress concentration factor of a circular flaw in an elastic plate is (a) 3 (b) 3 plate thickness (c) 3 plate width (d) 3 the plate width. When geometry is such that it provides not theoretical stress concentration, K t 1. The thickness of the plate is t3 mm, and the material is alloy steel (the type of material will not affect the stress concentration calculation). In theory, if the plate is infinite, then the stress near the hole is three times higher than the average stress. Pz -100 kN. However, the extension from isotropic to anisotropic materials is non -trivial. A stress concentration factor is a ratio of the maximum stress in a member to the average stress in a member. Sep 01, 2022 Analysis of stress concentration at the edge of hole in plates with different widths by using FEM September 2022 IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering 1252(1)012067. If the hole is twice as large, this stress concentration factor will be ke 1 pt) 3) Why can we use linear elastic fracture mechanics, LEFM, for many metals even if they plastically deform 2 pts). Keywords Analogy Principle, Film cooling, Conjugate Heat Transfer, Thermal Stress. Articles Find articles in journals, magazines, newspapers, and more; Catalog Explore books, music, movies, and more; Databases Locate databases by title and description. Anish Augustine. Many chart. thick with a hole 0. 66 c. so that stress concentration value for this hole is Kt 2. When geometry is such that it provides not theoretical stress concentration, K t 1. 22 on page. 0McI, where I (w d)h312. In theory, if the plate is infinite, then the stress near the hole is three times higher than the average stress. A 60-mm-wide by 2. We found that under axial compression, Model II experienced its maximum stress on the plate at 551. As we know we have three holes in the plate out of which the major hole has the same diameter as case-1. The stress field near the rounded corners of rectangular hole for differ ent angular position of loading are determined. This example approximates the stress concentration factor using a plate of a finite width. Stress concentration factor (SCF), Kt, defined as the ratio of the maximum stress in the presence of a geometric irregularity or discontinuity to the stress away from the effect of such irregularity, i. Calculate the stress concentration factor for fatigue, K f K f, for a plate of steel 2 in. we need to calculate the stress concentration value for the other two holes. r 3. 05 MPa in RE and CS, respectively. The results are compared with photoelastic analysis results reported by H. 5 2 1. The plate has a circular hole of diameter 15mm with the centre coinciding with the diagonal intersection point of the rectangle. 1. The plates were subjected to either remote tension or bending loads. 1, page 221 Elementary stress equations don&x27;t apply in stress concentrations. The stress concentration factor for an elliptical hole in a rectangular plate is given by the following relation Where, Major radius of the elliptical hole. 1, as the value of decreases, the value of Stress concentration factor increases. 0FA, where A (w d)t and t is the thickness. That reduction in the local load-carrying capacity has to cause an increase somewhere else, and that is what causes the stress concentration factor to be greater than 1. Tan et al. This example approximates the stress concentration factor using a plate of a finite width. 1 to 2. Chapter 14 Stress concentrations Locally high stresses can arise due to Abrupt changes in section properties (hole, corner) Contact stresses (bearing, gear, etc) Material discontinuities Initial stresses due to manufacturing process Cracks Structure is often designed without considering them followed by local fixes. Stress-concentration factor, K t, for a shaft with shoulder fillet in bending. 1, the stresses (Es)m conditionsboth at the hole are elasticeverywhere,and 5 andat infinity. r 3. McKENZIE and D. The equivalent stress intensity factor is the most essential parameter that should be accurately estimated for the mixed-mode loading condition which was used as the onset criterion for the crack growth. For a finite width, the edges of the plate also affect the . Here, analytical studies have been carried out to determine the optimal values of effective parameters on the stress concentration factor around a cutout using. The stress concentration factor of a circular flaw in an elastic plate is (a) 3 (b) 3 plate thickness (c) 3 plate width (d) 3 the plate width. Various angles of hole obliquity have been considered to evaluate SCF at such holes. Stress concentrations may also occur from accidental damage such as nicks and scratches. Stress concentration around a hole in a square plate Model Details and Parameters Find the stress distribution in a square plate due to the effects of a circular hole at the center under an in-plane uniform line load. In order to assure the consistence of the results, the mapped mesh with middle size is selected for the calculation in this paper. There are many solutions to reduce the stress concentration includes providing relief notches, holes etc. Figure 6. Damage (PD) only contributed to raising the stress concentration factor by 7, while side holes (P2SH) accounted for increases in stress concentration and a 20 decline in strength. Different plate hole diameter width ratios (dW) have been considered to provide global and net stress concentration factors. These stress functions can be reduced to solve various types of hole boundary problems such as circular hole, ellipti cal hole, square hole and crack. Stress Concentration Factor is the ratio of nominal stress obtained by elementary equations for minimum cross-section and highest value of actual stress near discontinuity. Fig -2 Plate with Rectangular hole L 100 mm B 50 mm t 10 mm B 1 20 mm L 1 30 mm P 15 kN Area of Plate A (B - B 1) x t (50 - 20) x 10 300 mm2 Now, Stress 50 Nmm2 Stress Concentration Factor Maximum Stress Nominal Stress x Stress Concentration Factor 50 x 3 150 Nmm2 2. The maximum stress for an infinite plate with a hole is Although there is no analytical solution for a finite plate with a hole, there is empirical data available to find a concentration factor. impact on the stress concentration factor were the ones with highly curved regions 6. Stress Concentrations for Plate with Hole. (a) Two symmetrical cracks emanating from a circular hole and (b) the stress intensity factor. Figure 1 shows the formula for stress concentration. 5 to 10. The distribution of the stress- concentration factor Kt along the . As we know we have three holes in the plate out of which the major hole has the same diameter as case-1. Now, in the case of a circular hole, this equation returns the answer as 3. 8 Three modes of crack displacement. Feb 11, 2021 STRESS CONCENTRATION IN A PLATE WITH HOLE OBJECTIVE 1. 22 on page. Stress concentration (factor) of "hole in plate" structure. Figure 1 shows the formula for stress concentration. The standard specimens like plate with circular hole, flat plate with shoulder fillet, and circular shaft subjected to Tension, are modelled in 2D. 5 0 0 thinplateto curvefit) Normalized 0. Abrupt changes in section properties (hole, corner). This video explains the stress concentrat. Stress Concentration on a Plate with hole. Stress concentrations occur when there are irregularities in the geometry or material of a structural component that cause an interruption to the flow of stress. That reduction in the local load-carrying capacity has to cause an increase somewhere else, and that is what causes the stress concentration factor to be greater than 1. It can be observed that the stress concentration factor is the largest for plate with rhombus hole,. The results are compared with photoelastic analysis results reported by H. For a finite width, the edges of the plate also affect the . The maximum normal stress (xx) m a x is expected at points P and P and the average normal stress at vertical section passing through these points is (xx) avg (d 2 r) t N where. concentration factor on the hole size is examined. Moreover, a greater stress concentration at the fracture site was observed under axial torsion, despite. thick with a hole 0. In this equation, there is an infinite orthotropic plate containing a circular hole with radius R, submitted to uniform stress () applied perpendicularly to the x-axis, and longitudinal stress distribution (y) along the x-axis ahead of the hole and the stress concentration factor for an infinite plate (&92;(KT&92;infty &92;)) (considering. (2021) investigated the stress concentration factor of various hole shapes. STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTOR, Kt,. The ellipses formed at the intersection of the hole and the plate surfaces had their major axes perpendicular to the direction of application of the load. 5) and ratios of countersink depth to plate thickness (0. The analysis has been done for different size. For a rectangular plate of finite width, the stress concentration factor is a function of the ratio of hole diameter to the. In theory, if the plate is infinite, then the stress near the hole is three times higher than the average stress. r 3. To design a plate with hole for the following cases, Case (1) Length300mm, height120mm, thickness30mm, circular hole at the center with diameter60mm. Stress concentration around a hole in a square plate Model Details and Parameters Find the stress distribution in a square plate due to the effects of a circular hole at the center under an in-plane uniform line load. pdf (15. Fig -2 Plate with Rectangular hole L 100 mm B 50 mm t 10 mm B 1 20 mm L 1 30 mm P 15 kN Area of Plate A (B - B 1) x t (50 - 20) x 10 300 mm2 Now, Stress 50 Nmm2 Stress Concentration Factor Maximum Stress Nominal Stress x Stress Concentration Factor 50 x 3 150 Nmm2 2. Calculate the stress concentration factor for a plate with an elliptical hole. 1 Rectangular plate with hole subjected to axial load. A non-contact measurement method, namely electronic speckle pattern interferometer (ESPI), was used to investigate the tensile strain field of a composites plate in the presence of stress concentrations caused by a geometrical defect consisting of circular hole. Majority of the studies performed for the SCF have treated isotropic, orthotropic or composite plates. 22 on page. 42Mb) Date 1982. Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors Kt Table A15 Figure A151 Bar in tension or simple compression with a transverse hole. Such a thin plate, subject to in-plane loading, can be analyzed as a 2-D plane-stress elasticity problem. Fatigue Life Prediction Under Uniaxial Stress, Including Stress Concentration. 5) and ratios of countersink depth to plate thickness (0. The model dimensions and loads are shown in Figure 2. Figure 1 shows the formula for stress concentration. If the hole is twice as large, this stress concentration factor will be ke 2 pt) Previous question Next question. Introduction Clavicle fractures represent 25 of adult fractures, 1 and 80 of clavicle fractures occur at the midshaft. These stress functions can be reduced to solve various types of hole boundary problems such as circular hole, ellipti cal hole, square hole and crack. The standard specimens like plate with circular hole, flat plate with shoulder fillet, and circular shaft subjected to Tension, are modelled in 2D. This shows the benefit of using FGM to reduce stress concentration in plates with opening holes. At the hole, At infinity,the. The results are compared with photoelastic analysis results reported by H. The ellipses formed at the intersection of the hole and the plate surfaces had their major axes perpendicular to the direction of application of the load. Local Stress-Strain Fatigue Method (-N). In theory, if the plate is infinite, then the stress near the hole is three times higher than the average stress. FOR AN ELLIPTICAL HOLE. Similar reasoning holds for the double notch geometry. Stress concentration factor calculation The analytical models devoted to treating the thin plates with holes are based on the linear theory of elasticity. The distribution of stress and deflection in isotropic and orthotropic rectangular plate with central circular hole under transverse static loadi has been done by applyin g finite element method. View via Publisher. this data can be used for a plate with a hole. The results are compared with photoelastic analysis results reported by H. The stress concentration factor. . 5-mm-thick rectangular plate of annealed 1040 steel has a 6-mmdiameter hole drilled through, as shown in Figure E5. 11 fformulae for predicting stress concentration factors in flat plates 755 and cylindrical pressure vessels with holes a review where is the far-field uniaxial tension, is the subtended angle measured clockwise from x-axis and a is the radius of the circular hole. Stress concentration factor of a plate with a circular hole under tension is analysed in the work 2 by means of the finite element method. 4 degree. The thickness of the plate is t-3 mm, and the material is alloy steel (the type of material will not affect the stress concentration calculation). The stress intensity. Stress Concentration on a Plate with hole. From Figure 17. 19 . The notch radius is 0. Keywords Analogy Principle, Film cooling, Conjugate Heat Transfer, Thermal Stress. 66 c. Holes location in engineering structures will produce stress or strain concentrations and hence will decrease the mechanical properties and may cause a crack initiation. Both cases were compared with the following analytical results the stress intensity factors of the finite functionally-graded material isotropic plate had a crack with an average error of 3. This will start a new static structural project. The steel has a tensile strength of 600 MPa. The Stress Concentration in Finite-Size Plates Containing Elliptical Holes with a Direct Solution of Complex SeriesJ. For our case of a . The effect of the cir-cular hole in functionally graded plates is to magnify (compared to homogeneous plates) the stress concentration when the modulus decreases away from the center of the hole (soften-ing. Complex variables approach was first introduced to solve plane elastic problems by Kolosov 6, 7 which was further utilised in solving various problems in elastostatics by Muskhelishvili and others. That reduction in the local load-carrying capacity has to cause an increase somewhere else, and that is what causes the stress concentration factor to be greater than 1. (1 2ba) Where 3 the maximum stress in the section 1 the average uniform stress in the section a the width of the hole b the length of the hole. Wang Q. The results are compared with photoelastic analysis results reported by H. It was shown that the highest concentration of reduced stress occurred in a plate with two holes in the case of load in the form of pure shear (Py -100 kN, Pz 100 kN). The plates were subjected to either remote tension or bending loads. Structural geometry. This video explains the stress concentrat. To reduce the stress concentration factor, Sburlati studied the effect of an inhomogeneous annular made of FGM on the stress distribution around a hole in a. The stress concentration at a hole in a plate subjected to bending was first presented by Neuber (ref. The maximum stress for an infinite plate with a hole is Although there is no analytical solution for a finite plate with a hole, there is empirical data available to find a concentration factor. Show that the stress function. 1998 McGraw-Hill Text Reference Figure 6. 14 indicates that when the opening size wL is equal, the stress amplitude of the tripling waist hole is larger than that of the two times waist hole, and the maximum stress-concentration factor is also larger. The aim of this study was to determine stress concentration factors using finite element software; within the most outstanding results is ANSYS software validation for the determination of concentration factors in flat plates with a central hole subjected to axial load; Since it could be statistically demonstrated that there aren&x27;t significant differences between the theoretical data and the. Figure 1. The stress concentration factor should not be confused with the stress intensity. It can be noted that, for all elliptical hole shape factors of UDFGM with x-, y- and r-distributions the stress concentration factors at the notch root of the plate are lower than the stress concentration factors of the isotropic material plate. STRESS CONCENTRATION IN A PLATE WITH HOLE OBJECTIVE 1. The left side of the plate is fixed and two points force applied on the right side of the plate (negative Z direction). Strain Analysis, 2002, 37 (3), 259264. A fillet provides lower stress concentration than a chamfer. 1, the stresses (Es)m conditionsboth at the hole are elasticeverywhere,and 5 andat infinity. With improvements in. Journal of Composite material 1994; 28; 1432-1451. Using a Concentration Factor Chart (Cornell 3250 Students See Figure 4. stress distribution around a circular hole in an infinite plate,. Axial loads (N) are acting on the plate with a hole as shown in the figure. A comparison between FE method and analytical results. (1993). The equivalent stress (avg) is higher in plate with three hole as compare with plate with one hole because stress will be created near the three holes. NACA TN 2073. system satisfiestheboundary When Es . This shows the benefit of using FGM to reduce stress concentration in plates with opening holes. 4 Stress. Stress Concentrations for Plate with Fillet (cont. usps maintenance pay scale 2023, aesthetic christmas laptop wallpaper
020 Corpus ID 135737022 An engineering formula for the stress concentration factor of orthotropic composite plates articleZappalorto2015AnEF, titleAn engineering formula for the stress concentration factor of orthotropic composite plates, authorMichele Zappalorto and Paolo Andrea Carraro, journalComposites Part B. . Stress concentration factor for plate with hole
Measurements given MASS. , On an application of complex function theory to a plane. 5) and ratios of countersink depth to plate thickness (0. 11) Wahl, A. The degree of concentration of a discontinuity under typically tensile loads can be expressed as a non-dimensional stress concentration factor, which is the ratio of the highest stress to the nominal far field stress. McKENZIE and D. 4 Stress. Model Details and Parameters Find the stress distribution in a square plate due to the effects of a circular hole at the center under an in-plane uniform line load. 66 c. Determination of Stress Concentration Factors in Flat Plates with Holes Using Finite-Element Analysis Methods. Stress concentration factor (SCF), Kt, defined as the ratio of the maximum stress in the presence of a geometric irregularity or discontinuity to the stress away from the effect of such irregularity, i. 17) for thick plates subjected to tension and bending. Keywords Stress Concentration Factor, Plate with Hole, Loading Conditions. For a rectangular plate of finite width, the stress concentration factor is a function of the ratio of hole diameter to the plate width. 61) respectively. The real peak stresses in hardware occurs at geometric discontinuities such as notches, holes, & filets. Figure 1 shows the formula for stress concentration. The aim of this study was to determine stress concentration factors using finite element software; within the most outstanding results is ANSYS software validation for the determination of concentration factors in flat plates with a central hole subjected to axial load; Since it could be statistically demonstrated that there aren&x27;t significant differences between the theoretical data and the. The steel has a tensile strength of 600 MPa. (a) Two symmetrical cracks emanating from a circular hole and (b) the stress intensity factor. Moreover, a greater stress concentration at the fracture site was observed under axial torsion, despite. 5 3 2. A thin rectangular plate under a uniaxial tension has a uniform stress distribution. That reduction in the local load-carrying capacity has to cause an increase somewhere else, and that is what causes the stress concentration factor to be greater than 1. It has been concluded that assembly stress contributes to reducing the stresses around. This app makes that easy. Figure 1 shows the formula for stress concentration. This arises from such details as holes, grooves, notchesand fillets. 1 ago 2006. Stress solution for an infinite plate with a hole The 2-D stress equilibrium equations for a linearly elastic solid in polar coordinates are. For an elliptical opening the maximum stress at the edge of the hole in a loaded section is given by the formula 3 1. WHITE 1 on the basis of gross area and net area. OPEN WORKBENCH21 > NEW PROJECT > STATIC STRUCTURAL. K t Theoretical stress concentration factor which is a function of the geometry. 2 AND a. (a) Two symmetrical cracks emanating from a circular hole and (b) the stress intensity factor. c (6) The analytical models devoted to treating the thin plates with holes are based on the linear theory of elasticity. Here, analytical studies have been carried out to determine the optimal values of effective parameters on the stress concentration factor around a cutout using. 2 Accuracy of Stress Concentration Factors 9 1. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT To create a plate with a hole. McKENZIE and D. A low-stress film hole with an elliptical cross-flow section, whose major axis is parallel to the force, is developed to achieve higher overall cooling effectiveness and a lower stress concentration factor. Stress distribution around a circular hole in plate and stress cocentration (Analytical vs. The degree of concentration of a discontinuity under typically tensile loads can be expressed as a non-dimensional stress concentration factor, which is the ratio of the highest stress to the nominal far field stress. Introducing a circular hole in the plate disturbs the uniform stress distribution near the hole, resulting in a. The stress intensity factor at the crack tip can be evaluated from the stress concentration factor by using an available equation 12. The thin plates containing holes are subdivided to two main categories, those with relatively infinite dimensions compared to the hole. The maximum normal stress (xx) m a x is expected at points P and P and the average normal stress at vertical section passing through these points is (xx) avg (d 2 r) t N where. A thin rectangular plate under a uniaxial tension has a uniform stress distribution. s concentration tactor ot a plate witli a hole at X &x27;h is called FreeMat, is linked together with other. 10) Seng C. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT To create a plate with a hole. (1992) Stress concentrations for straight-shank and countersunk holes in plates subjected to tension, bending, . The model dimensions and loads are shown in Figure 2. Numerical values for the stress-concentration factor k are given for ratios of hole diameter to width of. The Behaviour of Stress Concentration Factor in rectangular and circular plates of Isotropic (Magnesium alloy) and Orthotropic material. , On an application of complex function theory to a plane. The model dimensions and loads are shown in Figure 2. Stress concentration factor calculation The analytical models devoted to treating the thin plates with holes are based on the linear theory of elasticity. Inglis obtained stress concentration factor for an infinite plate with elliptical hole subjected to uni-axial load (Fig. It can be noted that, for all elliptical hole shape factors of UDFGM with x-, y- and r-distributions the stress concentration factors at the notch root of the plate are lower than the stress concentration factors of the isotropic material plate. Introducing a circular hole in the plate disturbs the uniform stress distribution near the hole, resulting in a significantly higher than average stress. Determine the stress intensity factor. 2 Stress concentration factor . In theory, if the plate is infinite, then the stress near the hole is three times higher than the average stress. A thin rectangular plate under a uniaxial tension has a uniform stress distribution. For a rectangular plate of finite width, the stress concentration factor is a function of the ratio of hole diameter to the. Along with stress concentration factors, thi. Finite-Width correction factor for anisotropic plate containing a central opening. ASME, 56, pp. For a rectangular plate of finite width, the stress concentration factor is a function of the ratio of hole diameter to the plate width. Search the for Website expandmore. Axial loads (N) are acting on the plate with a hole as shown in the figure. With improvements in. For a rectangular plate of finite width, the stress concentration factor is a function of the ratio of hole diameter to the plate width. This video explains the stress concentrat. The thickness of the plate is t3 mm, and the material is alloy steel (the type of material will not affect the. A comparison between FE method and analytical results. Comparing the stress-concentration factors of the two waist holes in Fig. The effect of a band in FGM around a hole in a homogeneous plate was analyzed for the reduction of the SCF under biaxial loading 6 . Minor radius of the elliptical hole. Estimate the number of cycles to cause fatigue cracking for the cycli Problem 31 Easy Difficulty A notched plate of . For our case of a hole in an infinite plate, &92;(Kt 3. The maximum normal stress (xx) m a x is expected at points P and P and the average normal stress at vertical section passing through these points is (xx) avg (d 2 r) t N where. Comparing the stress-concentration factors of the two waist holes in Fig. 12a, K t K t 2. ASME, 56, pp. In Space claim create RECTANGLE with the following dimensions Length 300mm Height 120mm Thickness 30mm. Introducing a circular hole in the plate disturbs the uniform stress distribution near the hole, resulting in a significantly higher than average stress. 22 nov 2018. Create Structural Model and Include Geometry Create a structural model for static plane-stress analysis. The paper reports the stress concentration factors in plate with oblique hole using FEM. Inglis obtained stress concentration factor for an infinite plate with elliptical hole subjected to uni-axial load (Fig. impact on the stress concentration factor were the ones with highly curved regions 6. As an example, for an infinite plate with a circular hole subjected to bending moments at two parallel outside edges, detailed comparisons of values of a stress . The stress concentration factors for various geometrical conditions like Dd and rd ratios are to be obtained. The stress concentration factor in a rectangular opening is strongly influenced by the ratio rb. Figure 6. Function SCF14 returns the stress concentration factor for a finite width plate with an eccentric hole subject to tension applied. In Figure 14, we have a flat plate with a diamond-shaped hole cut out of the . Such a thin plate, subject to in-plane loading, can be analyzed as a 2-D plane-stress elasticity problem. Now, Peterson can be used to apply the stress concentration factor to get the maximum stress. It can be noted that, for all elliptical hole shape factors of UDFGM with x-, y- and r-distributions the stress concentration factors at the notch root of the plate are lower than the stress concentration factors of the isotropic material plate. To get an accurate stress value, you need a stress concentration factor. For finite- width orthotropic plate Tan introduces various equations. The node splitting and relaxation method advances the crack once the failure mechanism and crack direction have been determined. . csl plasma rome ga